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Journal of Breast Disease > Volume 4(1); 2016 > Article
Kim, Hyun, Park, Park, and Do: Predictors for the Transition from Ductal Carcinoma In Situ to Invasive Breast Cancer in Korean Patients

Abstract

Purpose:

To identify predictive factors of upstaging from diagnosed ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive cancer after surgical excision.

Methods:

One hundred seventy-four patients diagnosed with DCIS based on biopsies between January 2009 and December 2014 were evaluated. Patients’ clinicopathological variables were assessed to identify predictive factors of invasive carcinoma from final pathology.

Results:

One hundred seventy-four cases of DCIS were included. Of these, 42 were upstaged to invasive carcinoma on the final excision. Preoperative features such as age 40 years or younger at diagnosis, presence of a palpable mass, ultrasonography (USG)-guided core needle biopsy, tumor size ≥20 mm on USG, high grade DCIS, cribriform DCIS, comedo necrosis, presence of intraluminal calcification, estrogen receptor negativity, progesterone receptor negativity and triple-negative subtype were significantly associated with the risk of invasive carcinoma. Multivariate analysis showed that a tumor size ≥20 mm on USG and triple negative subtype were independently associated with upstaging.

Conclusion:

Tumor size ≥20 mm on USG and triple-negative subtype were independently associated with the upstaging of DCIS to invasive cancer.

INTRODUCTION

Previous reports indicate that 8% to 44% of patients initially diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) actually have invasive carcinoma [1-11]. Such uncertainty may cause confusion in treatment plans for DCIS, especially with regard to axillary staging. For DCIS lesions that were found to have invasive components at surgical excision, a sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) may be performed as an additional second surgical procedure. SLNB after a lumpectomy or mastectomy has the associated risks of being an additional surgery, and it is cost-ineffective and difficult to perform lymphatic mapping [12,13].
Predictive risk factors of upstaging from DCIS to invasive cancer after surgical excision have been reported, and tumor size is the most widely accepted factor [8,14]. In order to avoid a second operation on the axilla if an invasive cancer is found, the American Society of Clinical Oncology recommends SLNB for DCIS in two cases: (1) mastectomy and (2) large (>5 cm) tumor size with breast-conserving surgery [15]. German guidelines recommend SLNBs in patients with tumors larger than 5 cm or in patients with high grade lesions larger than 2.5 cm [16].
Several diagnostic modalities are useful for assessing the size of DCIS preoperatively. A recent study has reported that tumor sizes measured with ultrasonography (USG) are associated with upstaging from DCIS to invasive lesions [7]. The size of the DCIS can be measured with mammography (MMG) for the preoperative diagnosis of coexisting invasive diseases. Because annual MMG screening is commonly performed, DCIS is often found as calcifications on MMG [8]. These cases occasionally cannot be detected by USG, in which case they will undergo stereo-guided needle biopsy. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to detect angiogenic lesions of DCIS, it is also associated with a high rate of false positive results [17-19].
The purpose of the present study was to examine predictive factors including different diagnostic modality tools for upstaging from DCIS to invasive cancer.

METHODS

All studies were conducted with prior approval from the Institutional Review Board of Kangbuk Samsung Hospital (Approval No. 2013-01-251). Upstaging was defined as the identification of invasive or microinvasive foci after surgical excision. Microinvasive carcinoma was defined as an invasive portion ≤ 1 mm. Each patient’s demographic, clinical, pathological, and radiological variables were evaluated to identify possible predictors of invasive carcinoma on final pathologic examination. Clinical factors included age, location of tumor, menstrual status at diagnosis, and presence of a palpable mass.

Ultrasonography

USG was performed using an IU22 (Philips Medical Systems, Bothell, USA) or an Aixplorer (SuperSonic Imagine, Aix-en-Provence, France) equipped with a 12–5 MHz linear-array transducer. The longest tumor diameter on the longitudinal USG view was measured.

Mammography

MMG was performed in two standard imaging planes—the mediolateral oblique and craniocaudal planes—using either a Senographe DS or Senographe Essential (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA) unit. Magnification and spot compression views were obtained for all calcified lesions. Two breast radiologists, each with at least 10 years of experience, evaluated the subjects’ lesions according to the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) classification [11].

Magnetic resonance imaging

All breast MRI examinations were performed using the Intera 1.5T system (Philips Healthcare, Best, The Netherlands) and a four-channel bilateral breast surface coil while patients were in the prone position. The largest of these three diameters was considered a measure of the lesion’s size. Morphological analysis was reported according to the BI-RADS classification. To avoid a biased reading, all MRI images were retrospectively reviewed by two breast radiologists with at least 10 years of experience each who were blinded to USG, MMG, and clinical information.

18F-FDG PET-CT

All patients fasted for at least 6 hours prior to scanning and presented with a blood glucose level <150 mg/dL. 18F 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose integrated positron emission and computed tomography (18F-FDG PET-CT) was acquired using two scanners (Discovery ST or STE PET/CT; General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, USA) after an intravenous injection of 370 to 555 MBq (10–15 mCi) 18F-fluorodeocyglucose(18F-FDG) 60 minutes before scanning. Positive FDG uptake was defined as when the radioactivity was higher than that of the surrounding normal tissue in the visual analysis. Images were assessed semi-quantitatively by measuring and calculating the maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) normalized to lean body mass.

Image-guided biopsy techniques

Three diagnostic methods were employed: (1) 108 of 174 (62%) underwent the USG-guided method using 14-gauge needle core biopsies (TSK Ace-cut, Surecut, Stericut; Create Medic Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Japan); (2) 20 of 174 (12%) underwent stereotactic biopsies using 9-gauge needle core biopsies (Mammotome, SCM 23; Ethicon Endo-Surgery Inc., Cincinnati, USA); and (3) 46 of 174 (26%) underwent wire localization open surgical biopsies (p=0.041). Core needle biopsy (CNB) was considered when a mass-forming shape was found using USG. At least five specimens from different areas of the lesion, each specimen having diameter of 1 cm on its longest side, were obtained using the 14-gauge needle on USG-guided biopsy. All CNBs were performed by three dedicated breast radiologists with clinical experience ranging from 5 to 20 years. The decision to use a stereotactic biopsy depended largely on the presence of the microcalcifications and a nonmass forming shape detected with USG. The number of cores sampled was recorded. All stereotactic biopsies for calcifications were accompanied by a specimen radiograph that demonstrated capture of the target lesion in the specimen. Wire localization open surgical biopsy was considered when microcalcification was not detected in USG.
Pathological features included grade (low, intermediate, high, and not specified), histological type (cribriform, papillary, solid, and not specified), type of necrosis (comedo, noncomedo, and no necrosis), and presence of intraluminal calcification on the CNB.
Following the biopsy of DCIS, all patients underwent surgery in the form of a simple mastectomy or wide excision, with a SLNB. Cases were divided into DCIS (Group 1) and invasive (Group 2) groups based on the histological results from all operated specimens. The invasive group also included cases of microinvasion.
All biopsy materials were immunostained with antibodies to the estrogen receptor (ER; 1/200, SP1 Clone; Lab Vision Corp., Fremont, USA), progesterone receptor (PR; 1/200, PgR636 Clone; DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark), and human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; 1/200; A 0485 Clone; DAKO) and were evaluated under the microscope by two pathologists with 10 years of experience each. All tissues were also immunostained with antibodies to p63, which is a sensitive and specific myoepithelial marker. We aimed to identify an invasive focus by the lack of myoepithelial cells using immunostaining. An Allred score of ≥ 3 for ER and PR nuclear immunoreactivity was considered positive. A 3+ membrane score for HER2 staining was considered positive. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which tests for HER2 gene amplification, was considered in cases with scores of 2+. If >10% of tumor cells were found in the FISH test, then a membrane score of 2+ was considered a positive result.

Statistics

Qualitative variables were compared using Fisher exact test. Normally distributed quantitative variables were compared using Student t-test, while nonnormally distributed quantitative variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the predictive value of the variables. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, USA), with statistical significance set at p<0.05.

RESULTS

One hundred seventy-four cases of DCIS were included in the study. Of these, 42 (24%) were upstaged to invasive carcinoma on the final excision. The patients were divided into two groups according to presence of an invasive component on final pathologic examination. The clinical, pathological, and radiological characteristics of the two groups are shown (Table 1). Eighty-nine percent (118/132) of the DCIS group and 76% (32/42) of the invasive cancer group were older than 40 years old. The mean diameters of the two groups measured using USG, MMG, and MRI are shown in Table 1. The invasive cancer group had a larger target size measured using USG and MRI than the DCIS group (p<0.05). In total, 52% (65/125) of the DCIS group underwent breast-conserving surgery, while 75% (30/39) of the invasive cancer group underwent a mastectomy.
In the DCIS and invasive cancer groups, 55% and 83%, respectively, underwent USG-guided CNB (Table 2). Intraluminal calcification was observed in 56% of the DCIS group and 32% of the invasive cancer group, and 37% of DCIS group and 60% of invasive cancer group had comedo necrosis. Thirty-nine percent of the DCIS group was ER-positive, and 29% of the invasive cancer group had HER2 overexpression.
Univariate analysis showed that an age 40 years or younger at diagnosis, presence of a palpable mass, USG guided CNB, tumor size ≥ 20 mm on USG, high-grade DCIS, cribriform DCIS, comedo necrosis, presence of intraluminal calcification, ER negativity, PR negativity, and triple negative subtype were significant risk factors for invasive disease (p < 0.05 for each variable) (Table 3). Multivariate analysis showed that tumor size ≥ 20 mm on USG and triple negative subtype were independently associated with upstaging (p < 0.05 for each variable) (Table 3).

DISCUSSION

Theoretically, pure DCIS is a localized disease confined within the basement membrane of the breast duct without the risk of invasion into lymph nodes or vessels. Therefore, axillary nodal staging and surgical management are unnecessary for pure DCIS without invasive components. However, histological underestimation of invasive carcinoma diagnosed as DCIS often occurs due to several reasons. First, the increased use of percutaneous CNB and likelihood of missed invasive breast cancer by CNB have increased [12]. CNB is a highly reliable tool in diagnosing breast cancers, and it is also cost-effective, since it reduces the number of surgical procedures required for breast cancer patients [20]. Despite these advantages, CNB may lead to histological underestimation, with invasive carcinoma diagnosed as DCIS due to insufficient sampling. Such patients may then be required to undergo an additional operation for axillary staging, and the accuracy of this second operation may be compromised by lymphatic disruption or inflammatory changes resulting from the initial operation for DCIS [13,16,21]. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify factors leading to upstaging invasive cancer from DCIS on CNB.
Forty-two patients (24%) were upstaged to invasive carcinoma on final excision. The higher underestimation rate in our study, compared with other previous studies [14,15], may be attributed in part to the small sample size and an insufficient number of biopsies (Table 2).
We also analyzed whether pathological features were associated with the upstaging of breast carcinoma. High histological grade DCIS has been known as another risk factor. According to previous reports, high-grade, poorly differentiated DCIS has been associated with a 3-fold higher risk of tumor invasion [6,8,22]. We also found that high histological grade was associated with an estimated two-fold risk of invasiveness on univariate analysis (odds ratio [OR], 2.053; p=0.047) (Table 3).
Comedo necrosis also has been reported as a risk factor of upstaging but its significance has been controversial [17]. In our study, it was a significant risk factor for tumor upstaging (OR, 3.122; p=0.012) (Table 3). Renshaw [18] reported that patients with comedo DCIS with a cribriform/papillary pattern or a tumor involving more than 4 mm with lobular extension in breast core needle specimens are at increased risk for invasion at excision.
Analyses of immunohistochemical features as predictors of invasive disease have been published [19]. According to these studies, hormone receptor positivity has been related to low-grade DCIS. HER2 overexpression was known to be superior to lesion size or histological grade in predicting concurrent invasive disease in a recent case series [23]. We found that the ORs were 3.580 for ER negativity, 3.319 for PR negativity, 1.125 for HER2/neu overexpression, and 5.540 for triple-negative DCIS (Table 3). Lee et al. [21] reported lack of hormone receptor expression of DCIS as predictive factor for upstaging, and these results are consistent with ours.
Since recent research about the expression of hormone receptors in DCIS has mainly focused on the risk of local recurrence following surgery [22], results about hormone receptor status are rare. There is still a controversy about whether immunohistochemical features predict recurrence or invasion independent of other factors in DCIS, and further studies are warranted.
Several studies have found that a large preoperative tumor size is the most generally accepted risk factor [7]. The size of DCIS is not only a predictor of tumor upstaging, but it is also important in determining the extent of surgical treatment.
Tumor size measured using USG (OR, 4.891; p=0.001) (Table 3) was found to be a significant predictor of upstaging. Since breast tissue density is generally higher in Asian than in Caucasian women, diagnostic USG is frequently performed in our institution together with screening MMG [24]. A recent study showed results consistent with ours [10]. Therefore, the simultaneous measurement of a DCIS lesion with USG-guided CNB may help to determine the optimal surgical treatment plan.
An age of 40 years or younger at diagnosis was significantly associated with the presence of invasive disease at final pathology (OR, 2.633; p=0.035) in univariate analysis. Other studies found that younger patients with DCIS generally had unfavorable prognostic factors and were at a greater risk of adverse events [25]. The finding that younger age was a predictor of invasive cancer is explained by the fact that younger age is also associated with other adverse clinical factors for invasive disease, including higher tumor grade, presence of necrosis, more extensive disease, and clinical findings [26].
In the present study, cribriform subtype of DCIS was negatively correlated with upstaging (Table 3). Several authors have reported relationships between different DCIS subtypes, the comedo and cribriform/papillary type, and subsequent upstaging to invasive disease [18]. However, there is no consensus regarding the association between pathological subtypes of DCIS and upstaging to invasive disease.
There was a difference in the rates of upstaging based on the CNB technique (Table 3). The USG-guided method using a 14-gauge needle was found to be a significant predictor of upstaging. The diagnostic biopsy needle size dictates how much tumor tissue can be sampled [27,28]. Another study found that the use of a smaller needle (i.e., the gun method compared to the vacuum method) was associated with a higher risk of upstaging [29].
This study has several limitations. First, it was performed at a single institution and was retrospective in design. Several patients underwent film MMG before 2010, which has lower sensitivity and specificity for cancer detection.
Age 40 years or younger at diagnosis, presence of a palpable mass, USG guided CNB, high grade DCIS, cribriform DCIS, comedo necrosis, presence of intraluminal calcification, ER negativity, and PR negativity were risk factors. Tumor size ≥ 20 mm on USG and triple negative subtype were independently associated with the upstaging of DCIS to invasive cancer. In particular, the size measured with USG was associated with upstaging, whereas size measurement by MG, MRI, and 18F-FDG PET-CT was not. Further studies of larger populations are needed to determine the predictive value of immunohistochemical features and their relationship with tumor upstaging.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no competing of interests.

Table 1.
Patients’ clinical, pathological, and radiological characteristics
Characteristic DCIS (n = 132) Invasive cancer (n = 42) Characteristic DCIS (n = 132) Invasive cancer (n = 42)
No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%)
Age (yr)* 51.611 ± 9.960 50.112 ± 11.064 0.437 M stage
 ≤ 40 14 (10.6) 10 (23.8)  0 42 (100)
 > 40 118 (89.4) 32 (76.2)  1 0
Tumor location 0.990 USG BI-RADS 0.002
 Left 63 (47.7) 20 (47.6)  1 2 (1.5) 1 (2.4)
 Right 69 (52.3) 22 (52.4)  2 4 (3.0) 1 (2.4)
Postmenopausal 0.447  3 9 (6.8) 3 (7.1)
 Yes 51 (38.6) 19 (45.2)  4 97 (73.6) 20 (47.6)
 No 81 (61.4) 23 (54.8)  5 12 (9.1) 15 (35.7)
Presence of palpable mass 0.010  6 2 (1.5) 0
 Yes 43 (32.6) 23 (54.8)  Unknown 6 (4.5) 2 (4.8)
 No 89 (67.4) 19 (45.2) MMG BI-RADS 0.080
Multiple lesions on USG 0.775  0 12 (9.1) 5 (11.9)
 Yes 14 (10.6) 7 (16.7)  1 7 (5.3) 3 (7.1)
 No 118 (89.4) 35 (83.3)  2 3 (2.3) 0
Contralateral lesions on MRI 0.631  3 1 (0.8) 1 (2.4)
 Yes 25 (18.9) 5 (11.9)  4 70 (53.0) 16 (38.1)
 No 107 (81.1) 37 (88.1)  5 10 (7.6) 10 (23.8)
Size of target lesion on USG (mm)* 14.343 ± 11.072 24.431 ± 15.120 < 0.001  6 7 (5.3) 1 (2.4)
Size of target lesion on MMG (mm)* 20.641 ± 17.352 28.202 ± 22.204 0.074  Unknown 22 (16.6) 6 (14.3)
Size of target lesion on MRI (mm)* 23.361 ± 17.234 33.794 ± 17.590 0.004 MRI BI-RADS 0.432
T stage  4 2 (1.5) 2 (4.8)
 1 42 (100)  5 5 (3.8) 1 (2.4)
 2 0  6 103 (78.0) 31 (73.8)
 3 0  Unknown 22 (16.7) 8 (19.0)
 4 0 SUVmax of 18F-FDG PET-CT* 2.301 ± 1.040 2.772 ± 1.331 0.094
N stage Type of final operation 0.001
 0 38 (90.4)  Breast-conserving surgery 70 (53.0) 9 (21.4)
 1 4 (9.6)  Mastectomy 62 (47.0) 33 (78.6)
 2 0
 3 0

DCIS=ductal carcinoma in situ; USG=ultrasonography; MRI=magnetic resonance imaging; MMG=mammography; BI-RADS=Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System; SUVmax=maximum standardized uptake values; 18F-FDG PET-CT=18F 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose integrated positron emission and computed tomography.

* Mean±SE.

Table 2.
Methods and results of biopsy
Characteristic DCIS (n = 132) Invasive cancer (n = 42) p-value
No. (%) No. (%)
No. of biopsy* 7.680 ± 6.741 6.762 ± 6.434 0.495
Type of biopsy 0.002
 USG-guided CNB 73 (55.3) 35 (83.3)
 Stereotactic biopsy 17 (12.9) 3 (7.1)
 Wire localization open surgical biopsy 42 (31.8) 4 (9.6)
Histologic grade 0.077
 Low 36 (27.3) 5 (11.9)
 Intermediate 53 (40.2) 15 (35.7)
 High 39 (29.5) 18 (42.8)
 Unknown 4 (3.0) 4 (9.6)
DCIS subtype 0.238
 Cribriform 71 (53.8) 13 (30.9)
 Papillary 10 (7.6) 4 (9.6)
 Solid 25 (18.9) 11 (26.2)
 Unknown 26 (19.7) 14 (33.3)
Presence of intraluminal calcification 0.008
 Yes 76 (57.6) 15 (35.7)
 No 56 (42.4) 27 (64.3)
Presence of necrosis 0.033
 Comedo necrosis 49 (37.1) 24 (57.1)
 Noncomedo necrosis 29 (21.9) 8 (19.0)
 No necrosis 54 (41.0) 10 (23.9)
Hormonal status
 ER-positive 94 (71.2) 18 (42.9) 0.010
 PR-positive 85 (64.4) 16 (38.1) 0.001
 HER2 overexpression 57 (43.2) 23 (54.8) 0.745
 Triple negative 3 (2.3) 5 (11.9) 0.024
Ki-67 expression* 8.533 ± 9.694 11.320 ± 7.731 0.115
Mean pathologic DCIS size (mm)* 19.991 ± 17.310 30.334 ± 24.732 0.003

DCIS=ductal carcinoma in situ; USG=ultrasonography; CNB=core needle biopsy; ER=estrogen receptor; PR=progesterone receptor; HER2=human epithelial growth factor receptor 2.

* Mean±SE.

Table 3.
Analysis of predictors for invasive breast cancer from DCIS in image guided biopsy using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models
Univariate logistic regression
Multivariate logistic regression
OR (95% CI) p-value OR (95% CI) p-value
Age ≤ 40 yr 2.633 (1.070–6.482) 0.035 3.850 (0.889–6.671) 0.071
Postmenopausal 1.312 (0.650–2.645) 0.448
Presence of palpable mass 2.505 (1.233–5.087) 0.011 1.564 (0.514–4.752) 0.430
USG-guided CNB 4.041 (1.674–9.753) 0.002
Stereotactic biopsy 0.362 (0.079–1.646) 0.189
Wire localization open surgical biopsy 0.225 (0.755–0.673) 0.080
Size of target lesion on USG ≥ 20 mm 4.891 (2.159–11.082) 0.001 8.127 (2.415–27.353) 0.001
High ultrasonography BI-RADS (4,5,6) 0.945 (0.320–2.788) 0.920
High MMG BI-RADS (4,5,6) 0.793 (0.327–1.918) 0.607
SUVmax ≥2 2.571 (0.986–6.701) 0.053
High grade DCIS on biopsy 2.053 (0.980–4.303) 0.047 0.622 (0.161–2.401) 0.491
Type of DCIS
 Cribriform 0.427 (0.183–0.995) 0.049 0.360 (0.117–1.100) 0.073
 Papillary 1.600 (0.461–5.544) 0.459
 Solid 2.096 (0.868–5.059) 0.100
Presence of necrosis
 Noncomedo 1.758 (0.596–5.182) 0.306
 Comedo 3.122 (1.280–7.611) 0.012 4.379 (0.941–20.383) 0.060
Presence of intraluminal calcification 2.707 (1.281–5.718) 0.009 2.116 (0.668–6.700) 0.202
No. of core biopsy ≤ 5 1.785 (0.685–4.649) 0.235
ER-negativity 3.580 (1.736–7.385) 0.001 1.562 (0.222–10.960) 0.653
PR-negativity 3.319 (1.525–6.457) 0.002 1.344 (0.177–10.246) 0.775
HER2 overexpression 1.125 (0.551–2.297) 0.745
Triple negative 5.540 (1.264–24.28) 0.023 17.157 (1.243–23.677) 0.034
Multiple lesions on MRI 0.611 (0.271–1.374) 0.234

DCIS=ductal carcinoma in situ; OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; USG=ultrasonography; CNB=core needle biopsy; BI-RADS=Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System; MMG=mammography; SUVmax=maximum standardized uptake values; ER=estrogen receptor; PR=progesterone receptor; HER2=human epithelial growth factor receptor 2; MRI=magnetic resonance imaging.

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