| Home | E-Submission | Sitemap | Contact Us |  
Journal of Breast Disease > Volume 3(1); 2015 > Article
Lee, Yi, Bae, Lee, Kil, Kim, Nam, and Lee: Hormonal Receptor Positivity and Clinical Multifocality Are Independent Predisposing Factors for Positive Margin Events in Breast-Conserving Surgery after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Abstract

Purpose:

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) frequently results in shrinkage of the primary tumor. It is not easy to perform breast-conserving surgery (BCS) after NAC, based on tumor extent alone. We identified the clinicopathological factors associated with positive margins on frozen or permanent sections in patients undergoing BCS after NAC.

Methods:

The records of 151 patients who had BCS after NAC between 2005 and 2010 were reviewed. All patients underwent subsequent imaging work-up including breast magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and breast mammography at the midpoint and/or the end of NAC. Positive resection margins on frozen or permanent sections were considered to be due to the presence of either invasive carcinoma or in situ carcinoma. The relationship between the microscopic margin status and clinicopathological factors was analyzed when positive margins were detected.

Results:

Of 151 patients, 39 (25.8%) were diagnosed with a pathological complete response, while 135 patients (89.4%) had a negative margin on both frozen and permanent sections and 16 (10.6%) had a positive margin on frozen or permanent sections. Of the 16 patients, 14 finally obtained negative margins after additional excision and two (1.3%) had positive margins due to in situ carcinoma. Multivariate analysis revealed that clinical multifocality after NAC (p=0.006), and hormonal receptor (HR) positivity (p=0.028) were significantly associated with positive margins on frozen or permanent sections, but were not associated with tumor size after NAC, specimen volume, or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positivity.

Conclusion:

We propose that HR positivity and clinical multifocality after NAC are predisposing factors for positive margins in patients undergoing BCS after NAC. It is necessary to obtain safe resection margins to avoid positive margins in these patients.

INTRODUCTION

Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and radiation therapy are locoregional treatments that serve as alternatives to mastectomy for women with early-stage breast cancer [1]. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has very attractive advantages for patients with advanced breast cancer. First, it is a unique opportunity to evaluate treatment response in vivo. Second, reducing the tumor size increases the likelihood of successful BCS [2,3]. However, several authors have reported high local recurrence rates in patients who undergo BCS after NAC [4,5]; therefore, some breast oncologic surgeons are reluctant to advocate BCS after NAC.
There is ongoing controversy regarding the optimal safety margins for patients undergoing BCS, with and without NAC [6,7]. The Society of Surgical Oncology/American Society of Radiation Oncology consensus panel at the 15th annual meeting of the American Society of Breast Surgeons concluded that ‘‘no ink on the tumor’’ constituted an adequate surgical margin for BCS in patients with invasive breast cancers [8]. However, the acceptable safety margin may differ depending on whether the patient is undergoing conventional BCS or BCS after NAC. A reduction in tumor size makes identification of the original tumor size difficult, particularly when the treatment response is robust. Moreover, large tumors at presentation may not be uniformly destroyed by chemotherapy; thus, a negative resection margin is not guaranteed [9,10]. Nevertheless, the goals for the breast oncologic surgeon should be complete cancer extirpation with acceptable safety margins and an optimal cosmetic result. Positive margins in women who have received conventional BCS lead to increased ipsilateral breast tumor reappearance rates [11,12]. Herein, we identified the clinicopathological factors associated with positive margins on frozen or permanent sections in patients undergoing BCS after NAC. In addition, we identified an effective surgical strategy to avoid positive margins and to achieve good cosmetic results in these patients.

METHODS

Our Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved this retrospective study (IRB approval number: SMC-2014-10-098).
A total of 151 candidates for mastectomy with either locoregional advanced or monofocal operable tumors underwent BCS after NAC, between 2005 and 2010 at the Samsung Medical Center, Korea. All patients had documented invasive ductal carcinoma on postoperative permanent pathology or on diagnostic biopsy when no residual tumor was detected on postoperative pathology.
Hormonal receptor (HR), including estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression, was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Allred scores ranging from 3 to 8 were considered to indicate positive ER and PR immunoreactivity. HER2 positivity was established based on IHC 3+ staining or amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), sonography, and mammography were employed to identify tumor size and position. Complete staging (chest radiography, liver ultrasound, and bone scintigraphy) was performed to exclude distant metastasis. All patients underwent a subsequent imaging work-up, including breast MRI, ultrasound, and breast mammography at the midpoint and/or the end of NAC. Clinical and pathological staging was carried out according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging manual (7th edition) [13].

Definitions of variables

The clinical neoadjuvant response following NAC was defined by breast MRI findings based on the revised Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) guidelines version 1.1 [14]. A clinical complete response (cCR) was defined as no evidence of malignancy in the breast by using MRI. All other clinical responses, i.e., a partial response, stable disease, and progressive disease were defined as noncCR. A pathological complete response (pCR) was defined as no evidence of malignancy in the breast in the permanent pathological report. The clinical tumor size after NAC, including that of invasive and in situ carcinomas, was estimated along the long axis of the malignant lesion by breast MRI, sonography, and mammography. Clinical multifocality was defined as evidence of a multifocal lesion in the breast by using MRI, sonography, and mammography after NAC. A breast lesion was regarded as multifocal if more than one well-demarcated invasive or in situ tumor was detected with a mass or nonmass lesion, such as microcalcifications on mammography or other suspicious lesions on sonography or breast MRI, separated from each other, regardless of the distance between the lesions.
The BCS specimen volume was estimated by the half-ellipsoid-volume method according to the details in the pathology report (4π abc/6; where a, b, and c are ellipsoid semi-axes) [15].

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens

Patients were treated with three main neoadjuvant regimens: (1) an anthracycline-containing regimen comprising 60 mg/m2 doxorubicin intravenously (i.v.) and 600 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide i.v. on day 1, every 3 weeks for 4 or 6 cycles; (2) a taxane-containing regimen comprising 50 mg/m2 doxorubicin i.v. and 75 mg/m2 docetaxel i.v. on day 1, every 3 weeks, and then, doxorubicin followed by docetaxel, for 4 or 6 cycles; and (3) an anthracycline- and taxane-containing regimen comprising 60 mg/m2 doxorubicin i.v. and 600 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide i.v. on day 1, every 3 weeks for 4 cycles, and then, after 22 days, 75 mg/m2 docetaxel i.v. was administered every 3 weeks for 4 cycles. Other NAC regimens included that of the NeoSphere trial [16], which involved trastuzumab and/or pertuzumab, plus docetaxel or trastuzumab and pertuzumab without docetaxel; doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide plus ixabepilone; the NeoALTTO trial [17] lapatinib-containing regimen; and neo-PGH trial comprising paclitaxel, gemcitabine plus trastuzumab; the HannaH study [18] regimen, which comprised docetaxel followed by fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide concurrently with trastuzumab.

Adjuvant therapy

Adjuvant radiation therapy was delivered to the whole breast at a total dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions. A tangential technique with 4- or 6-MV photon beams generated by a linear accelerator (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, USA) was used for whole breast irradiation. The primary tumor bed was boosted according to the resection margin status and primary tumor size. The boost dose was 9–12 Gy with a daily dose of 2–3.5 Gy. An electron beam was used for the primary tumor bed boost. Irradiation of the supraclavicular fossa was undertaken according to clinical and pathological N stage. Adjuvant hormone therapy and HER2-targeted therapy were administered based on the IHC results.

Surgical technique and assessment of margin status

We attempted en bloc resection if there was a suspicion of invasive or in situ carcinoma. The surgical margin was deemed to be 1 cm from the tumor by preoperative modalities. Preoperative localization of a nonpalpable or a multiformly destroyed mass after NAC was performed by sonography-guided tattoo localization, wire localization, or skin marking, and metallic clip insertion. Suspicious microcalcifications were always completely excised with intraoperative specimen mammography to ensure adequate resection. Interpretation of the frozen- and permanent-surgical margins was carried out by four pathologists, specializing in breast pathology. The margin was considered positive in the presence of either invasive carcinoma or in situ carcinoma at the cut margin. The margins of the intraoperative frozen section were evaluated in six dimensions, and additional resection was performed to obtain a frozen section with negative margins. Following confirmation of negative surgical margins, breast reconstruction was carried out with consideration given to the volume and location of the removed breast tissue. When the margins were positive on the permanent section, additional excision was recommended to obtain negative permanent margins.

Statistical methods

The clinicopathological parameters associated with positive margins on frozen or permanent sections were analyzed by using the Wilcoxon two-sample test and the chi-square test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A logistic regression model with Firth’s penalized maximum likelihood estimation method was used. Preoperative variables with p-values < 0.05 were selected by univariate analysis to determine predisposing factors for positive margins. Clinical T-stage at diagnosis representing the extent of the primary tumor, clinical tumor size after NAC, preoperative localization, and specimen volume were clinically important factors required to obtain negative margins, and were included in the logistic regression model. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The statistical analysis was executed using SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, USA) and R 2.13.2 (Vienna, Austria; http://www.R-project.org).

RESULTS

In total, 151 patients were reviewed in this analysis. The patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. The median age at diagnosis was 44 years (range, 23–72 years). The median clinical tumor size at diagnosis was 4.1 cm (range, 1–11 cm).
Fifty-six (37.1%) and 24 patients (15.9%) received anthracycline- and taxane-containing regimens, respectively, while 34 (22.5%) received a regimen containing both anthracycline and taxane. In addition, 37 patients (24.5%) underwent one of the other NAC or clinical trial regimens. Neoadjuvant HER2-targeted therapy was received by 36 of 47 (76.6%) HER2-positive patients.
Of the 151 patients, 148 (98.0%) underwent BCS and axillary lymph node dissection, and the remaining three (2.0%) underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy only. After surgery, 79 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy as stated in the initial planned schedule. A total of 148 patients underwent radiation therapy; the primary tumor bed was boosted in 123 of 148 (83.1%) patients, whereas 14 (9.3%) underwent radiation therapy elsewhere; the remaining three patients refused radiation therapy. Based on the IHC results, adjuvant hormonal and HER2-targeted therapy were administered to all 73 (100%) and 43 of 47 (91%) of the HR- and HER2-positive patients, respectively.
The clinicopathological characteristics are shown in Table 2. According to the RECIST guidelines [14], a cCR was predicted for 29 patients; however, a pCR occurred in 39 patients. A pathological partial response, stable disease, and progressive disease were recorded in 79, 29, and 4 patients, respectively. A total of 118 patients (78.1%) were downstaged, thus allowing BCS.
In total, 135 patients (89.4%) had negative margins on both frozen and permanent sections, 14 (9.3%) had initial positive margins on frozen or permanent sections, but finally obtained negative resection margins following additional excisions. Of 14 patients, 12 underwent additional intraoperative excisions and two patients underwent additional excision after initial primary BCS because of initial positive permanent-section margins. Two patients (1.3%) who had only undergone radiation therapy without additional surgery and who initially had negative margins on the frozen sections, finally had positive permanent-section margins showing in situ carcinoma. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the frozen section biopsies were 85.7%, 98.5%, 85.7%, and 98.5%, respectively.
Clinical multifocality was reported in 21 patients (13.9%) after NAC. Preoperative tumor localization was performed in 104 patients (68.9%) including sonography-guided tattoo localization (n= 61), wire localization (n=15), skin marking (n=13), metallic clip insertion (n=1), or two or more combined localization methods (n=14).
Univariate analyses to determine predisposing factors for positive frozen- or permanent-section margins were conducted. The predictors were clinical multifocality after NAC, clinical NAC response, pathological NAC response, pathological tumor size (long axis), pathological multiplicity, and hormonal receptor status (Table 3). We selected the clinically important preoperative variables required to obtain negative margins and included them in a logistic regression model. Multivariate analyses revealed that clinical multifocality after NAC (p=0.006) and HR positivity (p=0.028) were independent risk factors for positive frozen- or permanent-section margins, but were not associated with clinical T-stage at diagnosis, tumor size after NAC, preoperative localization, specimen volume, or HER2-receptor positivity (Table 4).

DISCUSSION

Over the past decade, NAC has been increasingly used for patients with operable breast cancer to reduce large tumors to a size eligible for BCS. Clinical trials and meta-analyses have established equivalent overall survival rates for pre- and postoperative chemotherapy; however, the question of long-term local control following BCS after NAC remains controversial [2,3,19]. Although some studies have reported locoregional recurrence (LRR) rates following NAC and BCS as high as 26%, more recently reported rates are 7% to 16% [2,20]. A recent analysis of a single institutional experience with BCS demonstrated that LRR rates are low for patients treated either with initial surgery (6% at 10 years) or NAC (10% at 10 years), and the initial treatment modality had no significant impact on LRR-free survival rates after adjusting for the clinical stage at presentation [21].
No uniform definition of surgical margin status has been established. A general consensus was reached by a series of published studies indicating that a surgical margin is positive if cancer cells are immediately at the edge of the resection on an inked histology section, according to investigators from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project [22]. In contrast, 1 mm is currently designated as the minimal distance for a positive surgical margin according to the European Institute of Oncology [23]. A huge population meta-analysis (LRR in 1,506 of 28,162) reported that a negative margin reduces LRR in patients with early-stage breast cancer and BCS. However, increasing the distance used to define a negative margin did not result in a significantly reduced LR [7].
Acceptable safety margins in patients with BCS after NAC are even more controversial [6], as they differ from those for patients undergoing conventional BCS. Large tumors on presentation may not be uniformly destroyed by chemotherapy; hence, a negative-resection margin is not guaranteed. Furthermore, determining original tumor size is difficult, particularly when a major response to NAC is obtained [9,10]. Nevertheless, most breast oncologic surgeons aim to obtain negative-resection margins for local control and tend to excise large volumes of tissue during BCS after NAC [15].
Reoperation after BCS because of positive margins is common and re-excision rates vary widely, but are generally 15% to 40% [24,25]. Two main factors must be considered to reduce the reoperation rate following detection of positive margins. First, it is essential to determine the extent of resection, particularly in patients who have a major response to NAC and MRI is an established tool to evaluate this response. Despite the superior accuracy of MRI compared with other modalities (breast mammography and ultrasound), residual tumor extent can be over- or underestimated [26]. Several reports have suggested that the diagnostic reliability of conventional MRI may vary according to cancer subtype; lower accuracy was associated with the luminal subtype rather than the triple-negative and HER2-positive phenotypes [27,28]. In our study, HR positivity was a preoperative predisposing factor for positive frozen- or permanent-section margins. Second, evaluation of intraoperative strategies that could reduce positive margins would be useful, including localization by intraoperative ultrasound, radio-guided localization, specimen radiographs, or intraoperative margin assessment such as gross evaluation only or microscopic margin evaluation including imprint cytology or frozen-section analysis. In our study, we performed appropriate localization, specimen radiography, and frozen-section biopsies, and found that the latter had a high specificity (98.5%). We found a low positive-margin rate on permanent sections (4/151, 2.7%).
The median follow-up after BCS was 49.4 months (range, 2.3–110.4 months). Only one patient developed local recurrence, four had regional recurrence, and 21 had distant recurrence. Only one local recurrence was detected by imaging follow-up 37.5 months after BCS. We surmise that this relatively low LRR was due to the use of appropriate adjuvant therapies such as radiation, hormonal, and HER2-targeted therapies. In our study, almost all patients underwent radiation therapy, and the primary tumor bed was boosted in 83.1% (123/148). Some reports indicate that radiation therapy offers improved local control. Huang et al. [29] found that comprehensive radiation benefits both local control and survival in patients presenting with clinical T4 tumors or stage III–IV disease, in addition to those with four or more positive nodes in the NAC setting. Bartelink et al. [30] reported that boost radiation of the tumor bed led to improved local control, but no difference in survival after a median follow-up period of 10.8 years.
Our study had several limitations. First, we used a number of NAC regimens due to differences in the NAC response; there were eight NAC regimens but four inclusive groups were defined, largely because some of the NAC regimen groups had few patients. Nevertheless, we focused mainly on negative margins in patients who underwent BCS after NAC and evaluated their clinical response. Second, a positive frozen-section margin was assumed to indicate a positive-margin status. We had very few positive permanent-section margins (4/151, 2.7%) because we always performed a frozen-section biopsy, and additional resection was performed to obtain negative frozen-section margins intraoperatively. If we did not perform frozen-section biopsies, positive permanent-section margins would have been considered. Strikingly, 49% of the audience at the 15th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Breast Surgeons were not using any intraoperative margin-assessment method [8]. We consider using a method such as frozen-section biopsies to be extremely important. Third, this was a retrospective study and the sample size was not very large. However, our median follow-up period was 49.4 months, which is longer than that of previous studies.
Despite these limitations, our results have important clinical implications. First, HR positivity and clinical multifocality after NAC were predisposing factors for positive margins in patients with BCS after NAC. Second, despite the short-term follow up, there were only four cases of LRR, suggesting that negative margins at the margin cut and appropriate adjuvant therapy are necessary for patients undergoing BCS after NAC.
In conclusion, our retrospective study revealed that HR positivity and clinical multifocality were significantly associated with positive margins. We encourage surgeons to obtain safe resection margins to avoid positive margins in patients with these clinicopathological factors.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Table 1.
Patient characteristics
Characteristic No. (%) (n = 151)
Age at diagnosis (yr)
 ≤ 50 110 (72.8)
 > 50 41 (27.2)
Clinical T stage
 T1 8 (5.3)
 T2 95 (62.9)
 Over T3 48 (31.8)
Clinical N stage
 N0 11 (7.3)
 N1 48 (31.8)
 N2 48 (31.8)
 N3 42 (27.8)
 Uncertain 2 (1.3)
NAC regimens
 Anthracycline 56 (37.1)
 Taxane 24 (15.9)
 Anthracycline and taxane 34 (22.5)
 Other regimens 37 (24.5)
Neoadjuvant HER2 target therapy
 Yes 36 (23.8)
 No 115 (76.2)
Axillary lymph node surgery
 Axillary lymph node dissection 148 (98.0)
 Sentinel lymph node biopsy only 3 (2.0)
Adjuvant chemotherapy
 Yes 79 (52.3)
 No 72 (47.7)
Adjuvant hormone therapy
 Yes 73 (48.3)
 No 78 (51.7)
Adjuvant HER2 target therapy
 Yes 43 (28.5)
 No 108 (71.5)
Adjuvant radiation therapy
 Yes with breast boost 123 (81.4)
 Yes without breast boost 11 (7.3)
 Yes but uncertain dose 14 (9.3)
 No 3 (2.0)

NAC=neoadjuvant chemotherapy; HER2=human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.

Table 2.
Clinicopathological characteristics
Characteristic No. (%) (n = 151)
Pathologic T stage
 No residual tumor 39 (25.8)
 Tis 14 (9.3)
 T1 57 (37.7)
 T2 33 (21.9)
 T3 8 (5.3)
Pathologic multiplicity
 Yes 24 (15.9)
 No 127 (84.1)
Histologic grade
 Well 19 (12.6)
 Moderate 63 (41.7)
 Poor 27 (17.9)
 Uncertain 42 (27.8)
Nuclear grade
 Low 8 (5.3)
 Intermediate 32 (21.2)
 High 71 (47.0)
 Uncertain 40 (26.5)
Lymphovascular invasion
 Positive 40 (26.5)
 Negative 71 (47.0)
 Uncertain 40 (26.5)
Pathologic N stage
 N0 79 (52.3)
 N1 44 (29.1)
 N2 19 (12.6)
 N3 9 (6.0)
Hormonal receptor
 Positive 73 (48.3)
 Negative 78 (51.7)
HER2 receptor
 Positive 47 (31.1)
 Negative 104 (68.9)
Clinical multifocality after NAC
 Yes 21 (13.9)
 No 130 (86.1)
Preoperative tumor localization
 Yes 104 (68.9)
 No 47 (31.1)
Operative resection margin status
 Frozen and permanent (–) 135 (89.4)
 Permanent (–) by additional excision 14 (9.3)
 Permanent (+) 2 (1.3)
Safety margin (mm)
 >1 134 (88.7)
 ≤1 17 (11.3)
Clinical response*
 cCR 29 (19.2)
 Non-cCR 122 (80.8)
Pathologic response*
 pCR 39 (25.8)
 Non-pCR 112 (74.2)

HER2=human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; NAC=neoadjuvant chemotherapy; cCR=clinical complete response; pCR=pathological complete response.

* Response of primary breast tumor.

Table 3.
Univariate analysis of predisposing factors for frozen or permanent positive margins
Factor Frozen or permanent margin
p-value
Negative (n = 135)
Positive (n = 16)
No. (%) No. (%)
Age (yr)* 44.7 ± 8.9 42.5 ± 6.5 0.342
Clinical T stage at diagnosis 0.412
 T1 7 (87.5) 1 (12.5)
 T2 87 (91.6) 8 (8.4)
 Over T3 41 (85.4) 7 (14.6)
Clinical tumor size after NAC (long axis, cm)* 1.7 ± 1.4 2.3 ± 1.5 0.140
Clinical multifocality after NAC 0.002
 Yes 14 (66.7) 7 (33.3)
 No 121 (93.1) 9 (6.9)
Preoperative localization 0.576
 Yes 94 (90.4) 10 (9.6)
 No 41 (87.2) 6 (12.8)
Clinical NAC response 0.042
 cCR 29 (100.0) 0
 Non-cCR 106 (86.9) 16 (13.1)
Pathologic NAC response 0.012
 pCR 39 (100.0) 0
 Non-pCR 96 (85.7) 16 (14.3)
Pathological tumor size (long axis, cm)* 1.5 ± 1.6 2.9 ± 2.0 0.001
Specimen volume (half ellipsoid, cm3)* 116.3 ± 91.9 95.2 ± 95.7 0.388
Pathologic multiplicity 0.005
 Yes 17 (70.8) 7 (29.2)
 No 118 (92.9) 9 (7.1)
Hormonal receptor 0.001
 Positive 59 (80.8) 14 (19.2)
 Negative 76 (97.4) 2 (2.6)
HER2 receptor 0.393
 Positive 44 (93.6) 3 (6.4)
 Negative 91 (87.5) 13 (12.5)

NAC=neoadjuvant chemotherapy; cCR=clinical complete response; pCR=pathological complete response; HER2=human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.

* Mean±SD;

Response of primary breast tumor.

Table 4.
Multivariate analysis of predisposing factors for frozen or permanent positive margins
Odds ratio 95% CI p-value
Clinical T stage at diagnosis
 T1c vs. T2 0.762 0.048–12.047 0.847
 T1c vs. T3 3.129 0.158–62.146 0.454
Clinical tumor size after NAC 0.795 0.478–1.323 0.378
Clinical multifocality after NAC 9.156 1.909–43.912 0.006
Preoperative localization 0.428 0.117–1.562 0.199
Specimen volume 0.993 0.984–1.001 0.103
Hormonal receptor 6.464 1.229–33.995 0.028
HER2 receptor 1.131 0.260–4.918 0.870

CI=confidence interval; NAC=neoadjuvant chemotherapy; HER2=human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.

REFERENCES

1. Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J, Margolese RG, Deutsch M, Fisher ER, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1233-4.
crossref
2. Fisher B, Brown A, Mamounas E, Wieand S, Robidoux A, Margolese RG, et al. Effect of preoperative chemotherapy on local-regional disease in women with operable breast cancer: findings from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-18. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2483-93.
pmid
3. Rastogi P, Anderson SJ, Bear HD, Geyer CE, Kahlenberg MS, Robidoux A, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy: updates of National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocols B-18 and B-27. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:778-85.
crossref pmid
4. Rouzier R, Extra JM, Carton M, Falcou MC, Vincent-Salomon A, Fourquet A, et al. Primary chemotherapy for operable breast cancer: incidence and prognostic significance of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence after breast-conserving surgery. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3828-35.
pmid
5. Smith IE, Lipton L. Preoperative/neoadjuvant medical therapy for early breast cancer. Lancet Oncol 2001;2:561-70.
crossref pmid
6. Chen K, Jia W, Li S, He J, Zeng Y, Yang H, et al. Cavity margin status is an independent risk factor for local-regional recurrence in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy before breast-conserving surgery. Am Surg 2011;77:1700-6.
pmid
7. Houssami N, Macaskill P, Marinovich ML, Morrow M. The association of surgical margins and local recurrence in women with early-stage invasive breast cancer treated with breast-conserving therapy: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2014;21:717-30.
crossref pmid
8. Harness JK, Giuliano AE, Pockaj BA, Downs-Kelly E. Margins: a status report from the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Breast Surgeons. Ann Surg Oncol 2014;21:3192-7.
crossref pmid
9. Veronesi U, Bonadonna G, Zurrida S, Galimberti V, Greco M, Brambilla C, et al. Conservation surgery after primary chemotherapy in large carcinomas of the breast. Ann Surg 1995;222:612-8.
crossref pmid pmc
10. Wang S, Zhang Y, Yang X, Fan L, Qi X, Chen Q, et al. Shrink pattern of breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and its correlation with clinical pathological factors. World J Surg Oncol 2013;11:166.
crossref pmid pmc
11. Yoshida T, Takei H, Kurosumi M, Ninomiya J, Ishikawa Y, Hayashi Y, et al. Ipsilateral breast tumor relapse after breast conserving surgery in women with breast cancer. Breast 2009;18:238-43.
crossref pmid
12. Leong C, Boyages J, Jayasinghe UW, Bilous M, Ung O, Chua B, et al. Effect of margins on ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence after breast conservation therapy for lymph node-negative breast carcinoma. Cancer 2004;100:1823-32.
crossref pmid
13. Edge SB; American Joint Committee on Cancer; American Cancer Society; American College of Surgeons. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York: Springer; 2010.

14. Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, Schwartz LH, Sargent D, Ford R, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 2009;45:228-47.
crossref pmid
15. Valejo FA, Tiezzi DG, Mandarano LR, de Sousa CB, de Andrade JM. Volume of breast tissue excised during breast-conserving surgery in patients undergoing preoperative systemic therapy. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2013;35:221-5.
crossref pmid
16. Gianni L, Pienkowski T, Im YH, Roman L, Tseng LM, Liu MC, et al. Efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab in women with locally advanced, inflammatory, or early HER2-positive breast cancer (NeoSphere): a randomised multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:25-32.
crossref pmid
17. Baselga J, Bradbury I, Eidtmann H, Di Cosimo S, de Azambuja E, Aura C, et al. Lapatinib with trastuzumab for HER2-positive early breast cancer (NeoALTTO): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2012;379:633-40.
crossref
18. Ismael G, Hegg R, Muehlbauer S, Heinzmann D, Lum B, Kim SB, et al. Subcutaneous versus intravenous administration of (neo)adjuvant trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive, clinical stage I-III breast cancer (HannaH study): a phase 3, open-label, multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:869-78.
crossref pmid
19. Kuroi K, Toi M, Ohno S, Nakamura S, Iwata H, Masuda N, et al. Prognostic significance of subtype and pathologic response in operable breast cancer; a pooled analysis of prospective neoadjuvant studies of JBCRG. Breast Cancer Epub 2013 Dec 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12282-013-0511-1.
crossref
20. Ishitobi M, Ohsumi S, Inaji H, Ohno S, Shigematsu H, Akiyama F, et al. Ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) in patients with operable breast cancer who undergo breast-conserving treatment after receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy: risk factors of IBTR and validation of the MD Anderson Prognostic Index. Cancer 2012;118:4385-93.
crossref pmid
21. Mittendorf EA, Buchholz TA, Tucker SL, Meric-Bernstam F, Kuerer HM, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, et al. Impact of chemotherapy sequencing on local-regional failure risk in breast cancer patients undergoing breast-conserving therapy. Ann Surg 2013;257:173-9.
crossref
22. Fisher ER, Dignam J, Tan-Chiu E, Costantino J, Fisher B, Paik S, et al. Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (NSABP) eight-year update of Protocol B-17: intraductal carcinoma. Cancer 1999;86:429-38.
crossref pmid
23. Luini A, Rososchansky J, Gatti G, Zurrida S, Caldarella P, Viale G, et al. The surgical margin status after breast-conserving surgery: discussion of an open issue. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009;113:397-402.
crossref pmid
24. McCahill LE, Single RM, Aiello Bowles EJ, Feigelson HS, James TA, Barney T, et al. Variability in reexcision following breast conservation surgery. JAMA 2012;307:467-75.
crossref
25. Margenthaler JA, Gao F, Klimberg VS. Margin index: a new method for prediction of residual disease after breast-conserving surgery. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17:2696-701.
crossref pmid
26. Berg WA, Gutierrez L, NessAiver MS, Carter WB, Bhargavan M, Lewis RS, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of mammography, clinical examination, US, and MR imaging in preoperative assessment of breast cancer. Radiology 2004;233:830-49.
crossref pmid
27. Loo CE, Straver ME, Rodenhuis S, Muller SH, Wesseling J, Vrancken Peeters MJ, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging response monitoring of breast cancer during neoadjuvant chemotherapy: relevance of breast cancer subtype. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:660-6.
crossref pmid
28. McGuire KP, Toro-Burguete J, Dang H, Young J, Soran A, Zuley M, et al. MRI staging after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: does tumor biology affect accuracy? Ann Surg Oncol 2011;18:3149-54.
crossref pmid
29. Huang EH, Tucker SL, Strom EA, McNeese MD, Kuerer HM, Buzdar AU, et al. Postmastectomy radiation improves local-regional control and survival for selected patients with locally advanced breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and mastectomy. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:4691-9.
crossref pmid
30. Bartelink H, Horiot JC, Poortmans PM, Struikmans H, Van den Bogaert W, Fourquet A, et al. Impact of a higher radiation dose on local control and survival in breast-conserving therapy of early breast cancer: 10-year results of the randomized boost versus no boost EORTC 22881-10882 trial. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3259-65.
crossref pmid
Editorial Office
519-763, 전라남도 화순군 화순읍 서양로 322
TEL : 061-379-7646    FAX : 061-379-7661    E-mail : jbd@kbcs.or.kr

Copyright© Korean Breast Cancer Society.                Developed in M2PI
About |  Browse Articles |  Current Issue |  For Authors and Reviewers